Hypertension, Shear Stress & Aortic Dissection
Site-Specific Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
Key Concepts & Definitions
Hypertension
Chronic high blood pressure → Increases wall stress on aorta
Low Shear Stress (LSS)
Disturbed/oscillatory flow (near branches/curves)
High Shear Stress (HSS)
Elevated flow velocity (in narrowed segments)
Site-Specific Mechanisms
🔴 Ascending Aorta
Hypertension + High Pulse Pressure
↑ Cyclic wall stress → Fatigue of elastic fibers
LSS at Sinotubular Junction
Flow turbulence → Endothelial dysfunction → Medial degeneration
Anatomic Vulnerabilities
Less vasa vasorum perfusion → Medial ischemia
Highest pressure load in aorta
🔵 Distal to Left Subclavian
Hypertension + Flow Acceleration
Sudden aortic tapering → Increased HSS → Wall strain
LSS at Attachment Points
Ligamentum arteriosum fixes aorta → Flow turbulence
Structural Weakness
Transition: elastic (ascending) to muscular (descending) aorta
Shear Stress Comparison
Factor | Ascending Aorta | Distal to Subclavian |
---|---|---|
Shear Pattern | LSS (turbulence near valve) | HSS (acceleration) + LSS (attachment) |
Hypertension Effect | ↑ Radial stress → Tear initiation | ↑ Longitudinal stress → Propagation |
Histologic Changes | Cystic medial necrosis | Elastic fiber fragmentation |
Clinical Evidence
- 4D Flow MRI: Shows flow reversal and high wall shear at dissection sites
- Ascending tears: Associated with Marfan-like medial degeneration
- Descending tears: Linked to hypertensive intimal thickening
Therapeutic Implications
Blood Pressure Control
Target SBP <120 mmHg in high-risk patients (Marfan syndrome)
Surgical Strategy
- Ascending: Graft replacement (high rupture risk)
- Descending: TEVAR if feasible
Medical Therapy
- Beta-blockers: Reduce dP/dt (↓ shear stress)
- ARBs (losartan): Protect ECM in Marfan patients
Key Clinical Principles
- Hypertension + abnormal shear stress synergize to weaken aorta at predictable locations
- Ascending tears: LSS + medial degeneration → Immediate surgery required
- Descending tears: HSS at fixation points → Medical management if stable